• Insert the pen drive in Ubuntu , then find the device name

root@Ubuntu:/home/anthoniraj# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB, 120034123776 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×90909090

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *           1          13      102400    7  HPFS/NTFS
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2              13        7650    61337600    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda3            7651       11782    33190290    5  Extended
/dev/sda4           11783       14594    22579200    7  HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda5            7651        8135     3895731   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            8136       11782    29294496   83  Linux

Disk /dev/sdb: 8032 MB, 8032092160 bytes
131 heads, 50 sectors/track, 2395 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 6550 * 512 = 3353600 bytes
Disk identifier: 0×00008640

Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *           2        2396     7839744    b  W95 FAT3

In My system /dev/sdb1 is the pen drive device name

Pen Drive Device Name

• Create one folder for mounting your pen drive files

# mkdir /media/Antony

• Now Unmount the drive

# umount /dev/sdb1

• Now manually mount the device with read-write mode

#mount -t vfat -o rw /dev/sda1 /media/Antony/

After this  steps, your pen drive privilleges will be changed to write mode.

This package allows for easy installation of the Microsoft True Type Core Fonts for the Web including:

• Andale Mono
• Arial Black
• Arial (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Comic Sans MS (Bold)
• Courier New (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Georgia (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Impact
• Times New Roman (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Trebuchet (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Verdana (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic)
• Webdings

You will need an Internet connection to download these fonts if you  don’t already have them.

The AptURL Protocol Handler and a web browser support are required to install packages. Steps are given here to install the apturl package [if using APT-based Linux system such as Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint, and gOS].

Install from Synaptic Package Manager

Go to Synaptic Package Manager and find apturl.
When you have found it check it and click on Apply Changes.

Install from Terminal

sudo apt-get install apturl

Enable the AptURL protocol in Web Browsers

*** Firefox ***

• Type in about:config in the location bar.
• Right click, select New -> String
  Type in network.protocol-handler.app.apt in the name of string, and type  in /usr/bin/apturl in the value.
• One more right click, select New -> String
  Type in network.protocol-handler.app.apt+http in the name of string, and type in /usr/bin/apturl in the value.

*** Opera ***

• Open Preferences.
  Tools -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Programs
• Click “Add” button.
  Type in “apt” in the “Protocol” field,
  and type in “apturl” in the “Open with other application” field.
  Click “OK” button.
• One more click “Add” button.
  Type in “apt+http” in the “Protocol” field,
  and type in “apturl” in the “Open with other application” field.
  Click “OK” button.

After finishing your configuration , You can use http://www.appnr.com search page to browse the package manager. This web based package browser will automatically find and install the dependency software of a given package.

Reference : http://www.appnr.com

1. Install Dependencies

To install OpenLink Virtuoso first of all following dependencies are needed-

First of all check all the dependencies whether installed or not. (Version is important!)

To check the version use following sequence.

1. Download and install Python 2.6 from Here (http://www.python.org/download/). for your appropriate windows (32 or 64 bit)
2. Download & Install wxPython (NOT wxWidgets) from Here. (http://www.wxpython.org/download.php)
3. Download & Install SPE from Here(http://developer.berlios.de/project/showfiles.php?group_id=4161). Get this file: “SPE-0.8.4.c-wx2.6.1.0-no_setup.zip”.
4. Unzip it to somewhere you will remember, but don’t rename the folder anything other than “_spe”.
5. Go inside the _spe directory and double click SPE.py.
6. At this point your  new SPE Python IDE should start up. Enjoy Python….

Note: you will have to set the environmental veritable in windows for python. For Xp user,

Right click on MyComputer=>Properties=>Advanced=>Environmental Variable

and then select “Path” and click edit, add the python directory (c:\Python26)

followed by a semi colon at the end of the variable Value.(eg- xxxxxx;C:\Python26)

Typing Tamil  in Firefox Browser

1. You need “TamilVisai” [ old name was Tamilkey] addon for typing Tamil in firefox, so click the link given below , in that page select “Add to Firefox” button.

Click here to Install Tamil Visai Addon for Firefox

2. Now Another pop-up window will open , There u select “install”  button . Installation will take one or two minutes [Based on your Internet Speed]

3. After installing TamilVisai Restart Your firefox.

4. If you want to type in tamil in any text box or text area , simply right click on your mouse and select  Tamil vissai option  or press Alt+F8 . based on your type wring method .you can choose any one of the type options , If you know Tamil typewriting then choose Tamill99 option , otherwise choose Anjal [Based on phonetics].

5. For Type in English Press F9

Required Services are:
1.nfs
2.nfslock
3.portmap
4.rpc.mountd
First let us discuss about server-side configuration:

In our case server is 192.168.3.71:

Step 1 : Open /etc/exports file and mention the directory to be exported according to the
Syntax as follows

<directory path> <client ip-address>(options)

Options can be
ro —> read-only
rw —> read-write
sync —> synchronous
sw —> sync write
no_wdelay–> no write delay
no_root_squash–>same level of access privileges will be given as it had in the server

If You want to export /home/ameer to your client(192.168.3.72) with read-write,synchronous
and with no write delays.. then your /etc/exports configuration file should have a line like this..

/home/ameer 192.168.3.72(rw,sync,no_wdelay)

After saving start or restart the nfs service.. Thus your configuration file will look like this..
# vi /etc/exports
/etc/neo 192.168.3.72(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
/home/ameer 192.168.3.72(rw,sync,no_wdelay)
Step 2:
# service nfs restart
Shutting down NFS mountd: [ OK ]
Shutting down NFS daemon: [ OK ]
Shutting down NFS quotas: [ OK ]
Shutting down NFS services: [ OK ]
Starting NFS services: [ OK ]
Starting NFS quotas: [ OK ]
Starting NFS daemon: [ OK ]
Starting NFS mountd: [ OK ]

Step 3: Now run the command exportfs
# exportfs
/home/ameer 192.168.3.72
/etc/neo 192.168.3.72

What to do in client-side:(192.168.3.72)
In the client side You need to mount the exported directory using mount command and
the syntax is as follows:

mount -t <nfs-type> -o <options><server directory><local mount point>

your nfs-types can be:

nfs ,nfsv2,nfsv3,nfsv4

or we can use the following syntax

mount <server-ip>:<directory path><local mount-point&gt;

Thus,if u want to mount /home/ameer in /mnt/mine
in our case the command is:
# mount 192.168.3.71:/home/ameer /mnt/mine

If u want to mount this directory permanently just make an entry in /etc/fstab
# vi /etc/fstab
# This file is edited by fstab-sync – see ‘man fstab-sync’ for details
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol00 / ext3 defaults 11
LABEL=/boot /boot ext3 defaults 12
none /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
none /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 00
none /proc proc defaults 00
none /sys sysfs defaults 00
/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 swap swap defaults 00
192.168.3.71:/etc/ameer /mnt/mine/ nfs defaults 00

If you see the file contents above, the last line indicates that /home/ameer is mounted permanently using nfs.

• Apache API- modules utilize a more powerful set of APIs.
• Filtering- modules can act as content filters.
• IPv6 support – the next generation IP addressing format is supported.
• Simplified directives – confusing directives have been removed.
• Multilingual error responses- When using SSI documents customizable error response pages can be delivered in multiple languages.

STARTING AND STOPPING HTTP

The httpd RPM installs the /etc/init.d/httpd script which can be accessed using the

/sbin/service command.
To start the server as root type :
/sbin/service httpd start
To stop the server as root type :
/sbin/service httpd stop
To restart the server as root type :
/sbin/service httpd restart

APACHE HTTP SERVER CONFIGURATION

The Apache http server configuration file is
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
The httpd.conf file is well commented and mostly self explanatory. The web server’s error log file is
/var/log/httpd/error_log

Below is an example of the configuration file

# UserDir is disabled by default since it can confirm the presence
of a username on the system (depending on home directory
permissions).
UserDir “disable”
To enable requests to /~user/ to serve the user’s public_html
directory, use this directive instead of “UserDir disable”:

#VirtualHost: If you want to maintain multiple domains/hostnames on your
machine you can setup VirtualHost containers for them. Most configurations
use only name-based virtual hosts so the server doesn’t need to worry about
IP addresses. This is indicated by the asterisks in the directives below.

# Virtual host Virtual Host 1
<VirtualHost 10.0.0.11>
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/project2
ServerAdmin abc@yahoo.com
ServerName server
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.shtml
</VirtualHost>

The following sub sections contain a list of short descriptions for many of the directives included in httpd.conf:

1. ServerRoot: – It specifies the top level directory containing website contents. By default, Server
Root is set to “/etc/httpd” for both secure and non-secure servers.
Example: ServerRoot “/etc/httpd”

2. PidFile: – It names the file where the server records its Pid.(Default value “/var/run/httpd.pid”).
Example: PidFile “/var/run/httpd.pid”

3. Timeout: – Defines in seconds the amount of time the server waits for receipts and transmissions during communications. (Default value is 300 seconds)
Example: TimeOut 300

4.KeepAlive :- It sets whether the server allows more than one request per connection and can be used to prevent any one client from consuming too much of server’s resources.(Default is off)
Example: KeepAlive false

5. MaxKeepAliveRequests: – Sets the maximum number of requests allowed per persistent connection.
(Default is 100)
Example: MaxKeepAliveRequests 100

6. KeepAliveTimeout: – Sets the nuimber of seconds the server waits after a request has been served before it closes the connections. (Default is 15 seconds)
Example: KeepAliveTimeout 15

7. StartServers: – Sets how server processes are created upon startup.
Example: StartServers 2

8. MaxRequestsPerChild: – Sets the total number of requests each child server process serves before the child dies.
Example: MaxRequestsPerChild 0

9. MaxClients: – Sets a limit on total number of server processes or simultaneously connected clients that can run at one time. (Default is 150)
Example: MaxClients 150

10. ServerAdmin: – Sets the ServerAdmin directive to the email address of the web server administrator. (Default set to root@localhost.com)
Example: ServerAdmin abc@yahoo.com

11. ServerName: – It specifies a hostname and port number for the server.
Example: ServerName server

12. UseCanonicalName: – Configures the Apache server to reference itself using the value specified in the Server Name and Port directives when ON. When OFF the server users the value used by the requesting clients when referring to itself.(Default is OFF).
Example: UseCanonicalName on

13. DocumentRoot: – Directory which contains most of the HTML files which are served in response to requests. (Default is “/var/www/html” directory)
Example: DocumentRoot “/var/www/html”

14.DirectoryIndex :- Default pages served by the server when a user request an index of a directory by specifying a forward slash at the end of the directory name.(Default is “index.html”)
Example: DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.shtml

15. User: – Sets the user name of server process and determines what files the server is allowed to access. (Default is apache)
Example: User apache

16. Group: – Specifies the group name of the apache http server processes.(Default is apache)
Example: Group apache

CREATING A WEB PROJECT USING APACHE

Server side:

Open the terminal and give following commands:
#vi index.html
Type content for front page save and exit.
#cp index.html /var/www/html
#service httpd restart

Client side:

1. Open the web browser
2. Enter server IP address or server name and the name of the file.
http:///index.html
This will open the index.html file present at server.

Now lets see the configuration of samba shared folder

Server Side Configuration
Example :
Server IP : 192.168.3.105
Share folder name : /mnt/myshare

1. Create or select share folder
[root@myserver /]# mkdir /mnt/myshare
[root@myserver /]# cd /mnt/myshare/
[root@myserver myshare]# vi smaple.c
#include<stdio.h>

main()
{
printf(“Sample Samba Share”);
}
Now i am going to share /mnt/myshare folder using samba.

2.Goto the samba folder
[root@myserver myshare]# cd /etc/samba/
[root@myserver samba]# ls
smb.conf smbpasswd smbusers

These three files are used to configure the smaba share
smb.conf – samba main configuration file
smbpasswd – command for creating samba password
smusers – used for creating unix and windows users

3. Configure /etc/samba/smb.conf
[root@myserver myshare]# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
Add the following config to end of this file , save and exit
[shareme]
path = /mnt/myshare
writable = no
valid users = antony pras
public = no

where
[shareme] – name of the share folder (eg: smb://192.168.3.105/shareme)
path – destination path of share folder (here /mnt/myshare)
writable – readonly (no) or allpermission (yes)
valid users – only antony and pras can access the share folder among the network
publi – any one can access the folder (yes)
valid users only can access the folder (no)

4.we have configured samba share for only two users . if the users does not exist in you
machine , then create the users using the following command
[root@myserver samba]# useradd antony
useradd: user antony exists
[root@myserver samba]# useradd pras

5.Assign the windows username
goto smb users file
# Unix_name = SMB_name1 SMB_name2 …
antony = aaj
pras = prs

Here
aaj and prs are the windows usernames of antony and pras

6. now create common samba password for unix and windows users
[root@myserver~]# smbpasswd -a antony
New SMB password:
Retype new SMB password:

7. Restart the samba daemon
[root@myserver ~]# service smb restart
Shutting down SMB services: [FAILED]
Shutting down NMB services: [FAILED]
Starting SMB services: [ OK ]
Starting NMB services: [ OK ]

Client Side Mounting
1. (In Linux) go to file browser type smb://192.168.3.105/shareme , you are prompted to give username and password
give valid unix user and samba password

2. or use samba mount command
[root@myclient1 ~]# smbmount 192.168.3.105:/shareme /mnt/sample -o username = antony password = antony rw

3.(In windows ) goto run , type \\192.168.3.105\shareme ,you are prompted to give username and password
give valid windows user and samba password

Example :
NIS Domain name : NETADMIN
NIS Server name : myserver (192.168.3.105)
NIS Client Name : myclient (192.168.3.104)
NIS Username : nisuser
NIS Password : nisuser

NIS Server Configuration
Network Configuration
[root@myserver ~]# vi /etc/hosts
192.168.3.105 myserver
192.168.3.104 myclient

Packages needed for Server Side
1) ypserv
2) yptools

Daemons
1) portmap
2) yppasswdd
3) ypserv
4) ypbind
5) ypxfrd

1. Assign NIS Domain name for your Server
[root@myserver ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes
HOSTNAME=myserver
NISDOMAIN=NETADMIN

2. Assign Local Server
[root@myserver ~]# vi /etc/yp.conf
# /etc/yp.conf – ypbind configuration file
# Valid entries are
#
# domain NISDOMAIN server HOSTNAME
# Use server HOSTNAME for the domain NISDOMAIN.
#
# domain NISDOMAIN broadcast
# Use broadcast on the local net for domain NISDOMAIN
#
# domain NISDOMAIN slp
# Query local SLP server for ypserver supporting NISDOMAIN
#
# ypserver HOSTNAME
# Use server HOSTNAME for the local domain. The
# IP-address of server must be listed in /etc/hosts.
#
# broadcast
# If no server for the default domain is specified or
# none of them is rechable, try a broadcast call to
# find a server.
ypserver 127.0.0.1

3. Start NIS related Daemons
[root@myserver ~]# service portmap start
Starting portmap: [ OK ]
[root@myserver ~]# service yppasswd start
yppasswd: unrecognized service
[root@myserver ~]# service yppasswdd start
Starting YP passwd service: [ OK ]
[root@myserver ~]# service ypserv start
Setting NIS domain name NETADMIN: [ OK ]
Starting YP server services: [ OK ]

4. Start at the system boot
[root@myserver ~]# chkconfig portmap on
[root@myserver ~]# chkconfig yppasswdd on
[root@myserver ~]# chkconfig ypserv on

5. Check all Daemons are running properly or not
[root@myserver ~]# rpcinfo -p myserver
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100024 1 udp 32769 status
100024 1 tcp 32769 status
100009 1 udp 1009 yppasswdd
100004 2 udp 648 ypserv
100004 1 udp 648 ypserv
100004 2 tcp 651 ypserv
100004 1 tcp 651 ypserv

6. Initialize your NIS Domain (You can add slave servers here)
[root@myserver ~]# /usr/lib/yp/ypinit -m

At this point, we have to construct a list of the hosts which will run NIS
servers. nisserver is in the list of NIS server hosts. Please continue to add
the names for the other hosts, one per line. When you are done with the
list, type a .
next host to add: nisserver
next host to add:
next host to add:
The current list of NIS servers looks like this:

nisserver

Is this correct? [y/n: y] y
We need a few minutes to build the databases…
Building /var/yp/NETADMIN/ypservers…
Running /var/yp/Makefile…
gmake[1]: Entering directory `/var/yp/NETADMIN’
Updating passwd.byname…
Updating passwd.byuid…
Updating group.byname…
Updating group.bygid…
Updating hosts.byname…
Updating hosts.byaddr…
Updating rpc.byname…
Updating rpc.bynumber…
Updating services.byname…
Updating services.byservicename…
Updating netid.byname…
Updating protocols.bynumber…
Updating protocols.byname…
Updating mail.aliases…
gmake[1]: Leaving directory `/var/yp/NETADMIN’

nisserver has been set up as a NIS master server.

Now you can run ypinit -s nisserver on all slave server.

7. Start NIS Server related daemons
[root@myserver ~]# service ypbind start
Binding to the NIS domain: [ OK ]
Listening for an NIS domain server.
[root@myserver ~]# service ypxfrd start
Starting YP map server: [ OK ]
[root@myserver ~]# chkconfig ypbind on
[root@myserver ~]# chkconfig ypxfrd on

8. Once Again check all NIS related daemons are running properly or not
[root@myserver ~]# rpcinfo -p nisserver
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100024 1 udp 32769 status
100024 1 tcp 32769 status
100009 1 udp 1009 yppasswdd
100004 2 udp 648 ypserv
100004 1 udp 648 ypserv
100004 2 tcp 651 ypserv
100004 1 tcp 651 ypserv
100007 2 udp 874 ypbind
100007 1 udp 874 ypbind
100007 2 tcp 877 ypbind
100007 1 tcp 877 ypbind
600100069 1 udp 830 fypxfrd
600100069 1 tcp 832 fypxfrd

9. Create User for NIS Logon
[root@myserver ~]# useradd -g users nisuser
[root@myserver ~]# passwd nisuser
Changing password for user nisuser.
New UNIX password:
BAD PASSWORD: it is based on a dictionary word
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
10 .Bind the new users to NIS server files
[root@myserver ~]# cd /var/yp/
[root@myserver yp]# make
gmake[1]: Entering directory `/var/yp/NETADMIN’
Updating passwd.byname…
Updating passwd.byuid…
Updating netid.byname…
gmake[1]: Leaving directory `/var/yp/NETADMIN’

11 .Check the username and password have benn added or not
[root@myserver yp]# ypmatch nisuser passwd
nisuser:$1$HQ.Mq78s$kALGajBahCSFXKbfP4yrq/:507:100::/home/nisuser:/bin/bash
(or)
[root@myserver yp]# getent passwd nisuser
nisuser:x:507:100::/home/nisuser:/bin/bash
[root@myserver yp]#

NIS Client Configuration

Network Configuration
[root@myclient ~]# vi /etc/hosts
192.168.3.104 myclient
192.168.3.105 myserver

Packages needed for Server Side
1) ypbind
2) yptools
Daemons
1) portmap
2) ypbind

1. Configure the NIS client using authconfig
[root@myclient ~]#authconfig
Type the following in that window
NIS DOMAIN : NETADMIN
SERVER : myserver

2. Save and exit
3. Start the daemons
[root@myclient~]# service portmap start
Starting portmap: [ OK ]
[root@myclient ~]# service ypbind start
Binding to the NIS domain: [ OK ]
Listening for an NIS domain server.
[ok]
[root@myclient ~]# chkconfig portmap on
[root@myclient ~]# chkconfig ypbind on

4. Restart the system and next time you can use server username and password
username : nisuser
password : nisuser